
75歲女士有糖尿病及高血壓病史,因呼吸急促來急診,診斷肺炎併呼吸衰竭入住加護病房,尿量每小時20ml , TPR: 38, 115, 26 , BP: 90/55mmHg, CVP: 13 mmHg
經醫師置放PICCO導管,經肺溫度稀釋法測得參數如下:
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臨床上CKD是常見的疾病,腎臟疾病的嚴重度可由GFR及蛋白尿來做分級,但有關進展至腎衰竭風險的正確資訊是需要的,才能對於測試,治療及轉介做正確的臨床決定。JAMA 2011年發表了一篇發展及驗證一個可預測腎臟衰竭的模式,或許可以對於臨床上的治療可以及早處理。
研究設計/場所/研究對象: 為了發展及驗證一個可預測腎衰竭的模式,使用了來自兩群加拿大人的流行病學資料,臨床及實驗檢查值,兩組病患都是CKD第三至五級( (estimated GFR, 10-59 mL/min/1.73 m2),被轉介至腎臟科醫師,時間介於2001-4-01至2008-12-31。預測模式使用Cox比例風險迴歸方式來發展及使用c統計量來評評值。第一群人用來發展預測模式,第二群人來驗證預測模式。
主要實驗終點: 需洗腎或應先腎臟移植
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話說利尿劑用在心衰竭病患是滿常見的,常常都是從lasix bolus開始然後劑量在逐漸加大,如果尿還是出不來的話,再用連續滴注的方式給予,但是到底是間歇性給予還是連續輸注哪種方式較好呢??
Cochrane 資料庫在2009年發表了一篇綜合分析的文章--
Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure--
Abstract
Background: Loop diuretics, when given as intermittent bolus injections in acutely decompensated heart failure, may cause fluctuations in intravascular volume, increased toxicity and development of tolerance. Continuous infusion has been proposed to avoid these complications and result in greater diuresis, hopefully leading to faster symptom resolution, decrease in morbidity and possibly, mortality. Objectives:To compare the effects and adverse effects of continuous intravenous infusion of loop diuretics with those of bolus intravenous administration among patients with congestive heart failure Class III-IV.
Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 to 2003), EMBASE (1980 to 2003) and the HERDIN database. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies .
Selection criteria:Randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of continuous intravenous infusion versus bolus intravenous administration of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure were included Data collection and analysis:Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, methodological quality and did data extraction. Included studies were assessed for validity. Authors were contacted when feasible. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials.
Main results:Eight trials involving 254 patients were included. In seven studies which reported on urine output, the output (as measured in cc/24 hours) was noted to be greater in patients given continuous infusion with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of 271 cc/24 hour (95%CI 93.1 to 449; p<0.01). Electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) were not significantly different in the two treatment groups with a relative risk (RR) of 1.47 (95%CI 0.52 to 4.15; p=0.5). Less adverse effects (tinnitus and hearing loss) were noted when continuous infusion was given, RR 0.06 (95%CI 0.01 to 0.44; p=0.005). Based on a single study, the duration of hospital stay was significantly shortened by 3.1days with continuous infusion WMD -3.1 (95%CI -4.06 to -2.20; p<0.0001) while cardiac mortality was significantly different in the two treatment groups, RR 0.47 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.69; p<0.0001). Based on two studies, all cause mortality was significantly different in the two treatment groups, RR 0.52 (95%CI 0.38 to 0.71; p<0.0001).(持續性輸注尿量較多,每日可較bolus組多271ml,電解質異常兩組無差異,較低的副作用-耳鳴/聽力喪失(危險比0.06); 根據一項單一研究,持續性輸注組可縮短住院天數3.1天,心臟死亡風險低(0.47);根據2篇研究結果,所有原因死亡風險低(0.52)。
Authors' conclusions: Currently available data are insufficient to confidently assess the merits of the two methods of giving intravenous diuretics. Based on small and relatively heterogenous studies, this review showed greater diuresis and a better safety profile when loop diuretics were given as continuous infusion. The existing data still does not allow definitive recommendations for clinical practice and larger studies should be done to more adequately settle this issue.(目前可獲得ㄉ資料仍不充分來評估兩種給藥途徑的價值,根據小規模及相對異質性的研究,結果顯示給予連續輸注利尿劑有較多的尿量及較好的安全性,目前的資料仍然無法明確推薦在臨床上,須大規模研究再釐清這些爭議)。 adapted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003178/frame.html
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2008年 NEJM發表了一篇關於PCI with DES VS CABG 的研究,實驗終點包括死亡、死亡或心肌梗塞、重複
疏通血管...等不良結果,並且依據基礎危險因子來做調整,和塗藥支架相比,冠狀動脈繞道在2 條或3 條血管疾病的患者,皆有較低的18 個月死亡或心肌梗塞率。3 條血管疾病而接受繞道手術的患者,調整後的死亡hazard ratio 為0.80(95% 信賴區間, 0.65~0.97);存活率為94% 對92.7%( p=0.03);死亡或心肌梗塞hazard ratio 為0.75(95% 信賴區間, 0.63~0.89);沒有心肌梗塞的存活率為92.1% 對89.7%(p<0.001)。2 條血管疾病而接受繞道手術的患者,調整後的死亡hazard ratio 為0.71(95% 信賴區間, 0.57~0.89);存活率為96% 對94.6%(p=0.003);死亡或心肌梗塞hazard ratio 為0.71(95% 信賴區間, 0.59~0.87);沒有心肌梗塞的存活率為94.5% 對92.5%(p<0.001)。接受冠狀動脈繞道手術的患者也有較低的重複疏通血管率(repeat revascularization)。
結論:對多冠狀動脈疾病的患者而言,繞道手術比塗藥支架有較低的死亡率,死亡或心肌梗塞以及重複疏通血管的比率也較低。 結果是CABG贏了PCI with DES,不過你以為這樣就結束了,死亡率贏不過,那就改主題---改研究生活品質及心絞痛改善情形囉!!!!今年2011 NEJM終於發表了一項大規模雙盲的實驗來比較CABG與PCI合併DES(塗藥支架)在生活品質的差異。
研究背景:之前研究呈現CABG相較於PCI (PTCA 或合併BMS)在心絞痛及生活品質有較大的改善。但對於PCI合 併DES(塗藥支架)在生活品質上並不清楚,因此才會有此篇的研究。
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ACC/AHA在2009年針對STEMI做了某些幅度的更新~~~( Focused update : Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction)
(一)Class IIa: 選擇性在STEMI 病人進行primary PCI 同時使用GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
(二)Class IIb: 在STEMI 病人抵達導管室進行primary PCI 前使用GP IIbIIIa receptor antagonist 的效益不確定
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話說今年(2010)美國心臟協會出版了新版CPR的指引,再次強調了壓胸的重要性,當然除了CPR外,也有一些指引做了些改變,大家趕快把內容下再看看囉!!!
下載檔案msicu1 發表在 痞客邦 留言(1) 人氣(3,172)
外科臨床應用:
◎心臟血管或重要外科手術(神經、胸腔之大手術….)。
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話說膀胱訓練對於醫護人員是在普通不過的事了,對於要拔除導尿管的病患,會先將導尿管綁住待4-8小時詢問病人有無尿液感,然後再將尿管打開看病患解尿情形。可是膀胱訓練真的有實證基礎嗎?? 或許cochrane library--Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(原作者:Griffiths R, Fernandez R) 2009年發表這篇 topic: Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (移除成人身上短期導尿管的策略)可以給我們依些答案囉!!
題目:Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (移除成人身上短期導尿管的策略)
摘要
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2008年美國心臟協會(AHA)已建議民眾對一般民眾建議實施 只操作胸部按壓Compression-Only CPR(COCPR),2010年最近美國心臟協會發表了重大的變革,是關於CPR的操作步驟,將傳統的A(airway)->B(breathing)->C(circulation)步驟,更改為C->B->A,主因是因為傳統的CPR在暢通呼吸道的評估花費太多時間,也會增加腦部及周邊缺血的問題,因此美國心臟協會才會在今年有了此項的重大變革;當然一定還要實證來證明這項做法是可信的。今年JAMA在十月發表了一篇,為期五年的回顧性世代研究,題目是實施單純胸部按壓(COCPR)對比傳統CPR在院外心跳停止的民眾在存活率的效益。統計了美國亞歷桑納州5年(2005.01.01~2009.12.31)以來所有成人院外心跳停止病例,排除在醫院由醫護人員進行的CPR,共有
4415位符合收納條件, (1)2900位無實施CPR,(2) 666位接受傳統CPR,(3)849位接受COCPR。結果發現,這些患者活著出院(survival to discharge)比例分別是
5.2%,
7.8%與
13.3%。因為這是一項世代研究,需要校正組別之間許多可能影響預後的因子,校正過後的勝算比 (AOR) 分別為:傳統CPR 與 未接受CPR: AOR 0.99 (0.69-1.43),COCPR 與 未接受CPR: AOR 1.59 (1.18-2.13), COCPR 與 傳統CPR: AOR 1.60 (1.08-2.35)。從2005至2009年,超過CPR比例從 28.2% (95%CI, 24.6%-31.8%) 至 39.9% (95% CI, 36.8%-42.9%; P.001);其中 COCPR增加從19.6% (95% CI, 13.6%-25.7%) 至 75.9% (95% CI,71.7%-80.1%; P.001)。整體存活率增加從3.7% (95% CI, 2.2%-5.2%)至 9.8% (95% CI, 8.0%-11.6%; P.001)。Adapted from JAMA. 2010; 304: 1447-1454.msicu1 發表在 痞客邦 留言(6) 人氣(29,948)

依照2008戰勝敗血症臨床指引,Norepinephrine or dopamine centrally administered are the initial vasopressors of choice.(level of evidence , 1C)。
不過今年新英格蘭期刊發一表了一篇針對休克病患使用dopamine 或 levophed ,比較兩者在死亡率有無差異!!
此篇研究的背景: Both dopamine and norepinephrine are recommended as first-line vasopressor agents
in the treatment of shock. There is a continuing controversy about whether one agent
is superior to the other.
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